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miércoles, noviembre 30, 2005

Why you should use the ICANN root DNS servers

There is a lot of controversey surrounding the ICANN root DNS servers. This controversey has made it to the pages of the Wall Street Journal; basically, the ICANN has great control over the allocation of names people use to get to sites on the internet. People feel that the ICANN is not being responsible enough with this power.

One solution to the ICANN controversey is to use a different set of DNS root servers. All major DNS server software can be modified to use a different set of DNS name servers. There is only one problem: All of the alternate root servers out there are far less reliable than the ICANN name servers. They can not be used in set-and-forget environments.

I have a list of number of alternate DNS root servers from a mid-2002 release of MaraDNS. I listed the following web pages for alternate DNS servers:

OSRC

AlterNIC

OpenNIC

Pacific Root

ISRC

TINC

Super Root

Here are some seven different alternate sets of root DNS servers. What has happened with these various groups? OSRC's web page does not resolve. AlterNIC's web page is owned by a domain squatter. OpenNIC is alive and well; I'll talk about them later. Pacific Root is no longer an alternate root server organization (they now register vanilla ICANN domains). IRSC's web page, which is still active, says that they have stopped being an alternate root server list in 2002. TINC's domain is now owned by a squatter. Super Root is also owned by a squatter, who at least has the decency to have relevant content about registering domains.

Of the seven alternate root servers which existed in 2002, only one, OpenNIC, still exists. In 2002, this organization had six root servers: 209.21.75.51, 216.74.72.7, 216.74.72.8, 209.21.75.53, 209.104.33.250, and 209.104.63.249. Right now, they have 11 "glue" root servers: 157.238.46.24, 209.104.33.250, 209.104.63.249, 130.94.168.216, 209.21.75.53, 64.114.34.119, 207.6.128.246, 167.216.255.199, 62.208.181.95, 216.87.153.98, and 216.178.136.116. See that, since 2002, OpenNIC removed four of their servers and added nine servers. Of the six servers listed in 2002, only one (209.104.63.249) responds to DNS queries. Even though 209.104.33.250 is listed as a current root server for OpenNIC, it does not work as a root DNS server. Of the six servers listed in 2002, only one still works.

Compare this to the ICANN root servers. Here is the 2002 list of ICANN root name servers: 198.41.0.4, 128.9.0.107, 192.33.4.12, 128.8.10.90, 192.203.230.10, 192.5.5.241, 192.112.36.4, 128.63.2.53, 192.36.148.17, 198.41.0.10, 193.0.14.129, 198.32.64.12, and 202.12.27.33. Here is the 2005 list: 198.41.0.4, 192.228.79.201, 192.33.4.12, 128.8.10.90, 192.203.230.10, 192.5.5.241, 192.112.36.4, 128.63.2.53, 192.36.148.17, 192.58.128.30, 193.0.14.129, 198.32.64.12, and 202.12.27.33. In this list of root servers, only two root server's IP have changed: 198.41.0.10 has become 192.58.128.30 and 128.9.0.107 is now 192.228.79.201. In addition, 198.41.0.10 and 128.9.0.107 still work as root name servers. Of the 13 root servers listed in 2002, all 13 still work.

Alternate root servers are only suitable for people willing to change their list of root DNS servers constantly, and are willing to work with less reliable root DNS servers. The ICANN root servers are the only ones which one can reliably list as DNS root servers in a "set and forget" environment.

16:14

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lunes, noviembre 28, 2005

Why the Europeans beat the Aztecs

Emoticón actual:  alegre

Why did the Europeans defeat the Aztecs, and not the other way around? This is a question that needs to be asked. A misconception that I have had is that it is because Europeans were smarter and genetically superior people than the Aztec Indians. In a word: Bullshit.

The reason why the Europeans won over the Aztecs has nothing to do with the Europeans being any smarter or any other hogwash people have come up with.

What happened was this: The descendants of the Europeans (in the fertile Crescent; read "The land of Milk and Honey") were in an area where the crops were easily cultivated, making the transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture more quickly occur. This allowed society to develop technology more quickly, giving the Europeans a head-start of thousands of years over the Aztecs.

The Aztecs did eventually have corn, but it took them literally thousands of years to make wild corn modern corn with six-inch or longer husks. The wheat that the Europeans had was a viable crop able to create civilization without needing thousands of years of tinkering.

The Europeans had other advantages over the Aztecs, all of which is described in the excellent book "Guns, Germs, and Steel".

The Aztecs and other ancient Mexicans were some of the most advanced people out there. Even though they were literally thousands of years behind the Europeans, they developed the number zero before the Europeans did. They developed writing--something only three civilizations came up with (The Mayans, probably The Chinese, and the Sumerians). Everyone else copied writing from the Sumerians (or the Chinese).

The great culture of the Aztecs would have eventually developed space age technology if they were not interrupted by Cortez.

The Aztec culture is alive and well today--the Mexicans in the central part of Mexico still consider themselves Aztecs and are very proud of their heritage. These people are some of the smartest people I know. I made the mistake of looking at the Aztec’s human sacrifice and their utter defeat by the Europeans, and underestimated the greatness of their culture. "Guns, Germs, and Steel" corrected me.

It is an excellent book. For people who do not like books, they also made a documentary movie of it. Definitely worth renting.

Actualmente leyendo:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
Por: Jared Diamond
Fecha de publicación: April, 1999

01:47

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miércoles, noviembre 23, 2005

The future of MaraDNS

Emoticón actual:  lúgubre

This is something I just posted to the MaraDNS mailing list, and will repost here. For non-geeks, DNS is one of those things everyone takes for granted, yet is essential for using the internet. MaraDNS is one of the relatively few DNS servers out there.

MaraDNS is a project which I started in early 2001, back when there were only two DNS servers out there, one of which had a lot of security problems, the other of which was not open source. Since then, well, let me quote the posting I just did:

Now that we're winding down and getting closer to a 1.2 release, I think it is time to start thinking about what will happen with MaraDNS after 1.2. The sense I am getting is that there is less interest in MaraDNS than there was when 1.0 was released. A lot of this is my fault; when I went back to school, I was more concerned with getting honors (which I did graduate with) than with keeping up on MaraDNS. The 1.2 release has taken over three years to release after 1.0. There were two complete blackout periods during MaraDNS' development:

No releases between 2003.10.02 (1.0.20) and 2004.04.13 (1.0.21)

No releases between 2004.06.30 (1.1.22/1.0.23) and 2005.02.15 (1.1.23/1.0.24)

Compare this to DjbDNS, which hasn't had a release for five years; Posadis, which hasn't had a release for nearly a year; MyDNS, which hasn't had a release for over ten months; and several other DNS projects which have been abandoned. (To be fair, PowerDNS, BIND, and NSD are being updated on a regular basis.)

Because of these blackout periods, caused by some personal turmoil in my life (I was basically a square peg trying to fit in a round hole at the college I was going to), there was a perception that MaraDNS was abandoned. Indeed, the MaraDNS domain briefly went down in early 2004, causing MaraDNS to be removed from Freshmeat's database.

Another reason why MaraDNS development has slowed down was summed up in this message of mine.

Basically, I am feeling like as though I am talking to a wall with MaraDNS development. Maybe it is because the documentation is really good, and people plain simply don't need to ask for help on the mailing list to get MaraDNS to work. Or maybe it is because people have just lost interest in MaraDNS; I'm lucky to get 20 downloads of a new release of MaraDNS these days (of course, the FreeBSD and Debian mirrors add more users, but still).

I suspect that people have just lost interest in MaraDNS; I just don't think we're getting any new users at this point. There are many possible reasons for this.

In a lot of markets, there is only really room for two players. For example, with the computer market, after the 1980s shakeout, we ended up with only two computer types: PCs, and Macintoshes. This was roughly a 85-15 split; the same split that BIND and DjbDNS have in the DNS server market segment. (There are also the Microsoft-only shops which use, naturally, Microsoft's DNS server) I have a feeling there just isn't enough mindshare for people to consider a DNS server besides these "big two".

Another problem is that there seems to be some rumors about MaraDNS being more insecure than the server really is. For example, look here and here; the real security history of MaraDNS can be seen here

Notable is that there has, in the entire history of MaraDNS, only one security issue which someone else found. Also notable is that the worst security issue ever found has been a remote denial-of-service attack.

Another is that I don't have some features people want:

A lot of people didn't like the 1.0 zone file format (Hi, Craig). It took me about three months of development to resolve this issue for the 1.2 branch of MaraDNS.

MaraDNS 1.0 didn't have ipv6 support. I have partially solved this for the 1.2 release.

MaraDNS 1.0 didn't properly daemonize. I have solved this for the 1.2 release.

MaraDNS 1.0 took a while to load a lot of domains. I have somewhat solved this for the 1.2 release with the default zonefile; this took about one month.

The original MaraDNS 1.0 release couldn't handle CNAMES for PTR records. This has since been addressed in both the 1.0 and 1.2 branches of MaraDNS.

And there are still features which didn't make it in to 1.2, despite a 3 year development cycle:

Real zone transfers. NOTIFY, IXFR, running AXFR while the server is running, etc. This will require changing the data structures for the authoritative half of MaraDNS.

Disk-based lookups

BIND zone file support. Note that, with the csv2 zone files, we're a lot closer to BIND zone files than we were with 1.0.

SQL support

Writing the cache contents to disk to be read later

ipv6 recursive support

"Ressurections"--the ability to ressurect DNS records in the cache when it is impossible to contact any name server for a given zone.

(Note that the last three will require the recursive half to be completely rewritten; the first two will require substansial rewrites to the 1.0 half of MaraDNS)

I get the sense that the features that MaraDNS would need to get more users at this point are the main thing BIND admins complain about whenever a DjbDNS advocate shows up; namely BIND zone file support and real zone transfer support. Most of these featurs would require so much of MaraDNS to be re-written that I may as well rename the program.

If I were to continue to develop MaraDNS after 1.2, I would proably work on hacking BIND's zone file parser to parse zone files, then output the parsed zone files as MaraDNS-compatible CSV2 zone files. I would probably also write some Perl scripts to make zone transfers with MaraDNS fetchzone/zoneserver tool as painless as possible (A program to send NOTIFYS; A program to check SOAs and fetch zones with updated SOAs, etc.)

However, I'm not sure I will be doing this. What I do guarantee is that I will continue to release bugfixes for both MaraDNS 1.0 and 1.2 after 1.2 is released. My timeline is to release general bugfixes for 1.0 for two years after 1.2 is released, and 1.0 security fixes for five years after 1.2 is released (there shouldn't be too many of these ). I will continue to support 1.2 until well after a post-1.2 release is made.

MaraDNS has been a lot of fun to write, but it has not caught on to the point that I can talk to your average geek, and have them know what MaraDNS is. I was hoping to have MaraDNS catch on in a way that it really has not. I am thinking that my programming talents can serve open-source better if I concentrate on other projects after MaraDNS 1.2 is released.

06:07

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miércoles, noviembre 23, 2005

How to make a Windows daemon

I did some research today on how to make a Windows daemon (A program that run unattended, such as an internet server). The short answer is that it is not easy. First of all, the way Win9x (Windows 95, 98, and ME) makes a program a daemon is different than how WinNT (Windows NT, 2000, and XP) makes a program a daemon.

Starting a Service in NT/2000/XP is non-trivial, involving calls with names like OpenSCManager, OpenService, CreateService, and what not. In UNIX, it is a shell script that starts and stops a daemon (with BSD startup scripts, the scripts just start daemons; stopping daemons is done by hand). There is no Windows version of fork(), so you can't just daemonize a process with a simple fork and a couple of other system calls the way you can in UNIX/Linux.

My general feeling, after doing this research, is that Windows is far superior for making end-user desktop applications than Linux (you can run a late 1990s binary in Windows on a current XP system with no problem; just try running a late 1990s Linux desktop application on a current Linux distribution), but not as good for making internet servers (I have heard that Linux, on the same hardware, can process four times as many connections than an XP derivitive).

Don't get me started on kernel developers who think closed-source drivers are heathen, made only by infidels.

01:46

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lunes, noviembre 21, 2005

More on file sharing

Emoticón actual:  pensativo/a

The letters that Jerry Pournelle gets are one of the few places where you can get the honest opinion of people who make art for a living about file sharing. As one person there pointed out:
Everyone else, from Google to the Creative Commons lobby and the slash.dot crowd just wants to bully us into working for free.

Indeed. Slashdot recently posted a link to a NY Times article about file sharing. In this article, there is a graph which clearly shows that file sharing has gone up, and that music sales have gone down. [1] Despite this, one poster had the audacity to post this:

while the recording industry makes lots of noise about how much revenue they're losing due to P2P, they also have good enough financial analysts that when they're being honest with themselves, they realize that the real loss is essentially zero.

When someone is this stubborn about not accepting cold hard facts, all I can do is put my hands up in the air and put the person in the same category as hardcore Biblical inerrants.

[1] Update 2005/11/22: For people who do not want to get a free NYT subscription: File sharing data only exists since 2003, and shows a continuous growth in file sharing, from 3.8 million users to 6.2 million users for 2005.  Every year since 2000, US music sales have gone down, with the exception of 2004, when they went ever-so-slightly up.  They have gone down again for 2005 based on the first six months of sales this year.  2000 sales were 1.05 billion units; 2004 sales were .8001 units (compared to 2003's .8000 units).

My Zen Nano has another limitation: It will not index more than 56 different directories with mp3 files in them. In order to fit the entire Bible on my Zen, not only did I have to consolidate multiple audio files together, I also had to consolidate multiple smaller books together in to a single folder.

I also found some defects on the NIV Audio Dramatized Bible; in Daniel chapter 2 and Daniel chapter 6 there are places where the editor made an error and repeats the same words from the Bible twice. Time to get Audacity on my system to fix these errors.

Actualmente leyendo:
NIV Audio Bible Dramatized CD
Por: Zondervan
Fecha de publicación: 01 January, 2002

01:08

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sábado, noviembre 19, 2005

Annoyance: Undocumented features

Emoticón actual:  enojado/a

The Linux/Unix Bash shell is a nice little combination interactive shell and batch-style programming language for Linux. I use it to automate repetitive tasks, such as some of MaraDNS' testing.

One of Bash's problem is that it is potentially dangerous. There was recently posted, on Slashdot, a description of how a UNIX shell script completely destroyed a production system. One of the follow-ups, posted in a rather arrogant and snotty Slashdot fashion, pointed out that Bash has an "-e" option for minimizing the chance of this kind of disaster happening.

There is only one minor technical problem. This feature is documented nowhere in Bash's documentation. Look here; while a few command line options are mentioned, no where is the very useful -e option described.

Features like "-e" are all well and good, and would actually end up getting used if properly documented.

Actualmente escuchando:
Ray of Light
Por: Madonna
Fecha de publicación: 03 March, 1998

02:33

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jueves, noviembre 17, 2005

A-Ha (a retrospective) ; Another Zen Nano limitation

Emoticón actual:  agotado/a

Anyone familiar with 1980s music is familiar with the Norweigan band a-ha! Their 1985 song, "Take on Me", became a number 1 hit with a famous video that is to this day still referred to on TV programs. They are generally considered a "One Hit wonder", but people who pay close attention to 1980s music will note that they also had the early 1986 hit "The Sun Always Shines on TV".

This very talented band had the curse of having their members being too physically attractive. Soon after "Take on Me" hit number 1 in the US, every single bubblegum magazine out there for teenager girls would have article after artcle about how cute the members of "a-ha" were; countless teenage girls had crushes on a band member and placed a-ha posters all over their walls. This coverage continued long after "Take on Me" was just a memory. The band was understandably upset that they were famous for their looks instead of their music talent.

Their songs have great long-term appeal and are still very nicely done pop pieces to this day. I prefer "The Sun Always Shines on TV" over "Take on me", but both hits sound better when you forget how this band ended up on every "Bop!" magazine cover.

My Zen Nano has another limitation: It will only index 500 mp3 files. If you have more mp3 files, only the first 500 files will be indexed. This may not seem like much of a limitation, but keep in mind that the Bible has some 1195 different chapters over 66 books (more if you're Catholic), and that it is possible to fit the entire Bible in about 800 megs of memory using 24k mp3 files. Because of this limitation, I have to find a command-line program which will losslessly merge and truncate mp3 files, so that I can make my collection of 1195 mp3 Bible chapters use only 400 files.

Actualmente escuchando:
Hunting High and Low
Por: a-ha
Fecha de publicación: 25 October, 1990

15:25

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miércoles, noviembre 16, 2005

How piracy affects the music industry

Emoticón actual:  pensativo/a

One of my favorite 1980s artists, Thomas Dolby, has this to say:
To understand why touring is so prohibitive, you unfortunately have to look at the economics. Touring loses money for most acts, until you get to the 200 stadiums a year (or five nights at the Garden) stage. You justify it because it's one of the only ways to really get radio, press, and retail outlets activated on a territory-by-territory level. [source]

A lot of people who strongly support the free sharing of music think that musicians should be able to make their money from concerts; Thomas Dolby is a insightful counterexample.

As a practical matter, the record companies will profit from downloadable music when everything is said and done. iTunes doesn't make Apple any money, but is a very profitable revenue stream for the record companies. Ditto with the WMA iTunes clones, such as napster.com and the like. When push comes to shove, most people do not feel comfortable getting music without permission; the video game and software industry has always thrived even though piracy has been around since day one.

What annoys people is that the record companies treat consumers like criminals; hopefully the backlash caused by Sony's antics will make the record companies completely rethink how they treat their customers.

On the subject of music, it looks like the SanDisk Sansa m200 will be the first audio player to break Apple's monopoly on diskless players with over 1 gig of memory. The impression I get, looking at articles over at MP3 Newswire, is that the reason only Apple is able to make a >1 gig flash storage unit is because Steve Jobs made some special deals with the flash memory manufacturers to get all of their stock of high-capacity flash memory. SanDisk is able to get this hi-capacity flash memory only because they themselves are flash memory makers.

Actualmente escuchando:
The Very Best of Soft Cell
Por: Soft Cell
Fecha de publicación: 05 November, 2002

03:17

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lunes, noviembre 14, 2005

Annoying bug with Zen Nano firmware

I found an annoying bug with the Zen Nano firmware.

The Zen Nano will only go three folders deep when looking for folders with mp3 files.

E.G., if you have some mp3 files in a directory four or more levels deep, such as

/dance/1980s/1983/New_Order/Blue_Monday.mp3

It will not find "Blue Monday", since the file is in a folder four directories deep. The workaround is to rework the directory structure to have the mp3 files in something like

/dance/1980s/1983-New_Order/Blue_Monday.mp3

or

/dance/1983/New_Order/Blue_Monday.mp3

Time to send an email to Creative tech support and post to their bulletin board.

- Sam

17:16

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martes, noviembre 08, 2005

The Bible for dirt cheap

Emoticón actual:  pensativo/a

I have a page on my personal web page (back when my personal web page was my blog) about getting Bibles by the case. This information is a little outdated; I just went back to bibles.com and their prices, at best, currently equal the prices of the International Bible Society.

Catholics may still prefer bibles.com since they do have case lots of the Good News translation with all 72 books that Catholics consider inspired at $2 a Bible. Note that the Good News translation is a very loose translation which emphasizes readbility over accuracy in translation. Then again, since Catholics might not be reading the Bible enough, maybe an easier to read version is just what the doctor ordered.

The International Bible Society are the guys who translated the New International Version of the Bible. They are a non-profit group and their mission is to give every man, woman, and child on Earth a copy of the Bible, as cheaply as possible. They sell Bibles very cheaply; a New Testament can be had for as little as 75 cents ; the entire Bible can be obtained for as little as $1.99 each.

What is also very nice is that they have multimedia Bibles. Do a search for CD over at IBS direct and you will find a number of audio Bibles at rock-bottom prices. As just one example, to get the NIV New Testament on CD costs $30 at Amazon--and only $20 from the IBS.

If you want to go even lower, you can buy it used at Amazon.com's resellers.

Another example: A few years ago, some people down in South Africa made some movies which are word-for-word readings of Matthew and Acts (NIV translation). Amazon charges $40 for Matthew and $80 for Acts. The IBS sells both for $16 each--just search for "DVD" in IBS' search box.

Is $20 for an audio New Testament this too much for you? You can get entire mp3 Bibles for $30, and audio New Testaments for $10. Is this still too much?

There is a modern public domain Bible out there called the World English Bible. You can download this entire Bible for free. You can also download, for free, a narration of this Bible in mp3 format over at Audio Treasure. If you have one of those iPod thingys (or any other portable mp3 player), you can easily fit the entire Bible in under a gigabyte of memory.

Basically, there is no excuse to not read (or at least, listen) to the Bible. Christian or not, religious or not, the Bible is still the most influencial book in Western culture, and is a key part of America's history. Reading it will greatly increase one's understanding of modern American society.

Actualmente leyendo:
TNIV Audio Bible : Complete Bible (TODAYS NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION)
Por: Zondervan
Fecha de publicación: 01 October, 2005

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